Germany — physical cross-border flows, 2026

Every month of the year, every border, in energy and in money. Flows are measured; each megawatt-hour is valued at Germany's own day-ahead price for the quarter-hour it actually crossed in.

Month by month

All borders together, with consumption for scale.

Month Consumption, MWh Physical exports Physical imports Average price, €/MWh Difference € Import ÷ consumption
MWh€/MWh€ MWh€/MWh€
January 46,760,141 5,529,011 97.80 540,721,341 4,429,489 120.21 532,476,574 110.09 8,244,768 9.5%
February 41,249,019 5,075,501 88.82 450,811,076 3,590,096 104.25 374,256,795 96.58 76,554,281 8.7%
March 40,982,561 4,671,595 79.50 371,415,103 4,691,935 114.67 538,023,114 99.29 −166,608,010 11.4%
April 37,191,087 3,983,259 46.75 186,219,423 4,495,925 106.08 476,938,679 78.52 −290,719,256 12.1%
May 36,016,166 3,283,102 62.40 204,874,059 4,943,821 124.65 616,268,016 97.54 −411,393,957 13.7%
June 37,160,971 2,762,367 66.39 183,388,429 4,888,763 142.13 694,855,721 109.52 −511,467,292 13.2%
July 38,252,530 3,442,219 77.46 266,650,829 3,587,616 132.98 477,066,120 105.45 −210,415,292 9.4%
August 35,789,044 3,983,917 94.08 374,808,814 3,881,639 154.40 599,306,789 126.89 −224,497,975 10.8%
September35.4% of hours 12,923,007 1,962,791 114.20 224,154,304 1,413,038 178.90 252,791,079 146.05 −28,636,775 10.9%
Total 326,324,526 34,693,764 80.79 2,803,043,378 35,922,321 127.00 4,561,982,887 104.70 −1,758,939,509 11.0%

Consumption is measured separately, as the hourly average power summed over the month — not by adding up readings, since sources publish at different rates. The last column puts imports next to it for scale; it is not a dependency figure, because part of what enters passes straight through to another neighbour.

Where the difference comes from

1,758,939,509 € for 1,228,557 MWh that stayed in the country works out at 1,431.71 € per megawatt-hour, in a month that averaged 104.70.

  • Energy that stayed, at the month's average price 128,628,097 7.3%
  • What came in arrived above that average 800,969,613 45.5%
  • What went out left below it 829,341,799 47.2%

The first line is energy the country needed and got. The other two — 1,630,311,412 € together — come not from how much moved but from when: cheap hours to sell in, expensive hours to buy in. That is the price of a timing mismatch, not a loss.

Official validation

The measured physical flow, checked against ANRE's published commercial trade.

Month Physical net, MWh Commercial net, MWh Difference, MWh Status
January ——— AWAITING OFFICIAL ANRE DATA
February ——— AWAITING OFFICIAL ANRE DATA
March ——— AWAITING OFFICIAL ANRE DATA
April ——— AWAITING OFFICIAL ANRE DATA
May ——— AWAITING OFFICIAL ANRE DATA
June ——— AWAITING OFFICIAL ANRE DATA
July ——— AWAITING OFFICIAL ANRE DATA
August ——— AWAITING OFFICIAL ANRE DATA
September ——— AWAITING OFFICIAL ANRE DATA

Gross volumes differ by design: the official indicators include transits, and a transit is counted once entering and once leaving, while a physical border sees it only once. Net figures converge, because transits cancel out — which is why the comparison is made on the net.

The percentage relates the difference to the month's commercial net. In a month with a small net, the same difference in MWh yields a larger percentage — which is why the difference is always shown in MWh as well.

ANRE publishes these exchanges as a physical balance in GWh. It publishes no import or export value and no average price per direction, so no money comparison is possible.

Physical cross-border flows and commercial electricity trades measure different phenomena. ANRE data is shown as an independent official benchmark and should not be interpreted as an exact reconciliation.

Border by border

France

Month by month, Germany's side of this border.

Month Physical exports MWh €/MWh € Physical imports MWh €/MWh € Difference €
January 69,446 30.93 2,147,736 1,664,575 118.82 197,791,426 −195,643,691
February 0 — 0 1,644,869 98.56 162,111,767 −162,111,767
March 9,509 -5.25 −49,903 1,790,643 105.51 188,928,534 −188,978,437
April 42,672 -55.63 −2,374,042 1,491,212 102.05 152,184,634 −154,558,676
May 55,266 -15.04 −831,107 1,412,120 119.02 168,071,344 −168,902,451
June 62,778 28.53 1,790,793 1,610,350 128.62 207,117,641 −205,326,847
July 59,097 19.32 1,141,843 1,343,437 125.86 169,086,381 −167,944,538
August 181,075 60.23 10,907,016 986,432 146.55 144,558,825 −133,651,809
September 59,424 84.74 5,035,778 425,308 169.16 71,946,280 −66,910,502
Total 539,266 32.95 17,768,114 12,368,947 118.18 1,461,796,832 −1,444,028,718

Netherlands

Month by month, Germany's side of this border.

Month Physical exports MWh €/MWh € Physical imports MWh €/MWh € Difference €
January 406,516 86.09 34,996,000 845,051 120.88 102,151,181 −67,155,181
February 693,014 86.32 59,821,416 484,562 115.41 55,921,446 3,899,970
March 1,086,248 117.04 127,131,803 332,782 49.23 16,382,407 110,749,396
April 902,333 84.14 75,924,480 453,718 77.46 35,146,475 40,778,005
May 906,333 97.04 87,950,534 401,301 109.34 43,878,802 44,071,732
June 523,518 88.93 46,558,976 562,032 124.25 69,834,741 −23,275,766
July 675,425 94.58 63,882,159 762,468 128.96 98,331,283 −34,449,124
August 451,835 99.98 45,174,987 898,223 146.78 131,844,437 −86,669,450
September 205,500 131.44 27,011,521 272,796 156.25 42,624,264 −15,612,742
Total 5,850,723 97.16 568,451,877 5,012,934 118.92 596,115,036 −27,663,159

Denmark

Month by month, Germany's side of this border.

Month Physical exports MWh €/MWh € Physical imports MWh €/MWh € Difference €
January 234,148 88.71 20,770,686 766,610 115.60 88,619,345 −67,848,659
February 675,415 79.54 53,724,080 418,412 109.31 45,736,059 7,988,021
March 525,843 47.28 24,859,372 700,534 128.99 90,360,646 −65,501,274
April 759,747 2.53 1,919,175 816,811 123.75 101,083,663 −99,164,489
May 588,303 28.10 16,532,892 925,316 134.46 124,416,248 −107,883,356
June 373,562 42.60 15,913,833 542,450 147.50 80,009,445 −64,095,612
July 136,943 64.63 8,850,036 190,071 129.01 24,520,603 −15,670,567
August 618,779 68.07 42,119,403 699,635 162.40 113,622,896 −71,503,493
September 171,962 80.97 13,923,204 209,042 164.31 34,348,528 −20,425,324
Total 4,084,702 48.62 198,612,680 5,268,881 133.37 702,717,433 −504,104,754

Austria

Month by month, Germany's side of this border.

Month Physical exports MWh €/MWh € Physical imports MWh €/MWh € Difference €
January 1,298,110 100.42 130,359,442 33,106 168.10 5,565,186 124,794,256
February 912,439 92.84 84,710,580 44,218 130.10 5,752,764 78,957,816
March 767,817 66.95 51,405,663 90,153 172.56 15,556,769 35,848,894
April 633,332 43.38 27,473,025 154,571 122.17 18,884,382 8,588,643
May 419,608 39.19 16,443,839 267,329 147.29 39,373,566 −22,929,726
June 348,907 50.94 17,771,881 320,376 177.94 57,006,830 −39,234,949
July 767,172 68.65 52,666,362 52,638 159.13 8,376,087 44,290,275
August 765,926 90.43 69,261,607 36,211 198.35 7,182,364 62,079,243
September 384,555 107.47 41,326,250 16,158 298.24 4,819,106 36,507,145
Total 6,297,866 78.03 491,418,649 1,014,760 160.15 162,517,053 328,901,596

Poland

Month by month, Germany's side of this border.

Month Physical exports MWh €/MWh € Physical imports MWh €/MWh € Difference €
January 1,163,909 109.58 127,545,333 8,130 135.05 1,097,922 126,447,411
February 1,054,895 97.83 103,202,287 11,689 36.93 431,624 102,770,663
March 668,551 91.60 61,242,603 207,774 103.87 21,581,379 39,661,225
April 556,291 85.92 47,794,216 167,717 58.09 9,742,354 38,051,862
May 519,008 104.23 54,095,554 152,986 92.64 14,173,319 39,922,235
June 577,557 98.19 56,710,949 139,479 117.11 16,333,933 40,377,016
July 654,392 106.28 69,547,096 88,622 109.76 9,727,466 59,819,630
August 703,148 133.81 94,087,529 158,782 118.04 18,741,908 75,345,621
September 394,899 147.71 58,331,996 34,611 124.47 4,307,835 54,024,161
Total 6,292,650 106.88 672,557,563 969,790 99.13 96,137,739 576,419,824

Switzerland

Month by month, Germany's side of this border.

Month Physical exports MWh €/MWh € Physical imports MWh €/MWh € Difference €
January 1,294,462 92.44 119,658,442 97,643 173.04 16,896,233 102,762,209
February 824,832 88.03 72,612,794 82,510 140.09 11,558,941 61,053,853
March 833,423 79.07 65,899,818 94,226 194.86 18,361,091 47,538,727
April 200,118 49.56 9,918,403 479,683 108.78 52,177,772 −42,259,368
May 137,082 48.43 6,639,392 675,086 124.15 83,809,138 −77,169,746
June 209,430 54.04 11,317,003 575,433 170.52 98,125,128 −86,808,125
July 268,301 76.58 20,547,254 249,939 146.77 36,682,417 −16,135,164
August 252,442 80.39 20,293,129 308,899 176.64 54,562,413 −34,269,284
September 191,328 102.40 19,592,480 131,346 224.46 29,482,198 −9,889,718
Total 4,211,419 82.27 346,478,715 2,694,765 149.05 401,655,331 −55,176,616

Czechia

Month by month, Germany's side of this border.

Month Physical exports MWh €/MWh € Physical imports MWh €/MWh € Difference €
January 834,347 104.37 87,081,641 54,123 118.09 6,391,139 80,690,502
February 597,091 89.78 53,605,872 106,346 104.17 11,077,892 42,527,980
March 392,598 56.96 22,362,078 542,108 128.10 69,445,230 −47,083,151
April 453,933 46.06 20,906,623 335,973 105.41 35,413,512 −14,506,889
May 290,368 51.82 15,047,921 270,123 115.87 31,298,553 −16,250,632
June 292,052 56.81 16,590,425 351,640 145.71 51,236,366 −34,645,941
July 418,152 62.83 26,273,231 217,293 138.70 30,138,795 −3,865,564
August 527,172 107.71 56,779,637 157,532 145.12 22,860,283 33,919,354
September 254,049 115.13 29,249,004 55,396 189.62 10,504,017 18,744,987
Total 4,059,763 80.77 327,896,431 2,090,533 128.37 268,365,785 59,530,646

Norway

Month by month, Germany's side of this border.

Month Physical exports MWh €/MWh € Physical imports MWh €/MWh € Difference €
January 68,317 44.39 3,032,893 653,280 116.25 75,946,188 −72,913,295
February 281,489 70.33 19,796,745 199,378 120.36 23,996,184 −4,199,439
March 299,195 42.49 12,711,688 420,176 145.90 61,302,136 −48,590,448
April 335,062 10.01 3,352,975 344,496 132.32 45,584,720 −42,231,744
May 257,563 18.57 4,782,319 463,088 142.26 65,878,430 −61,096,111
June 215,136 24.60 5,292,037 502,236 153.66 77,172,901 −71,880,863
July 259,691 31.78 8,253,638 480,736 151.41 72,790,272 −64,536,634
August 240,155 41.90 10,063,583 435,073 173.45 75,461,558 −65,397,976
September 140,579 66.50 9,348,458 225,912 203.17 45,898,714 −36,550,255
Total 2,097,187 36.54 76,634,337 3,724,374 146.07 544,031,103 −467,396,766

Belgium

Month by month, Germany's side of this border.

Month Physical exports MWh €/MWh € Physical imports MWh €/MWh € Difference €
January 159,755 94.70 15,129,170 306,972 123.85 38,017,953 −22,888,784
February 36,328 91.87 3,337,302 598,112 96.42 57,670,118 −54,332,816
March 88,411 66.19 5,851,981 513,539 109.25 56,104,922 −50,252,941
April 99,770 13.08 1,304,567 251,744 106.14 26,721,168 −25,416,601
May 109,571 38.45 4,212,715 376,471 120.51 45,368,617 −41,155,902
June 159,428 71.77 11,442,532 284,766 133.51 38,018,738 −26,576,206
July 203,045 76.28 15,489,210 202,412 135.43 27,412,816 −11,923,607
August 243,384 107.33 26,121,924 200,852 151.71 30,472,105 −4,350,181
September 160,496 126.70 20,335,612 42,469 208.63 8,860,138 11,475,474
Total 1,260,188 81.91 103,225,012 2,777,336 118.33 328,646,574 −225,421,563

Method

Not an invoice. Cross-border electricity is not sold country to country: the markets are coupled and the physical flow is the outcome of a shared auction. These figures value the measured flow at this zone's own day-ahead price, so both directions can be compared on the same scale.

Flows are measured, quarter-hour by quarter-hour; hourly borders are spread across the four quarters they cover, so every megawatt-hour meets the price that was actually in force. Energy entering the country is not the same as energy consumed here — some of it passes through.

A country between two others carries energy that is neither produced nor consumed there. Energy entering is not energy used.