Croatia — physical cross-border flows, 2026

Every month of the year, every border, in energy and in money. Flows are measured; each megawatt-hour is valued at Croatia's own day-ahead price for the quarter-hour it actually crossed in.

Month by month

All borders together, with consumption for scale.

Month Consumption, MWh Physical exports Physical imports Zone price, €/MWh Difference € Import ÷ consumption
MWh€/MWh€ MWh€/MWh€
January 1,834,073 359,965 124.24 44,721,545 567,952 143.05 81,247,123 143.16 −36,525,578 31.0%
February 1,516,727 498,845 100.51 50,138,259 455,568 104.11 47,429,028 107.49 2,709,231 30.0%
March 1,532,095 369,886 102.67 37,977,985 832,375 103.20 85,901,822 110.15 −47,923,836 54.3%
April 1,314,044 358,566 59.81 21,446,059 858,491 70.90 60,868,845 90.42 −39,422,786 65.3%
May 1,304,912 313,662 65.11 20,423,933 916,905 87.47 80,197,696 103.58 −59,773,762 70.3%
June 1,464,744 248,068 68.75 17,054,816 1,022,388 106.31 108,688,212 115.90 −91,633,395 69.8%
July 1,660,807 309,348 91.76 28,385,950 994,813 110.64 110,066,766 118.88 −81,680,816 59.9%
August 1,770,716 275,011 126.49 34,787,257 1,000,366 145.35 145,404,498 151.63 −110,617,241 56.5%
September33.5% of hours 532,898 103,134 144.72 14,925,759 322,572 160.30 51,709,646 170.01 −36,783,887 60.5%
Total 12,931,014 2,836,484 95.14 269,861,564 6,971,429 110.67 771,513,636 121.77 −501,652,071 53.9%

Consumption is measured separately, as the hourly average power summed over the month — not by adding up readings, since sources publish at different rates. The last column puts imports next to it for scale; it is not a dependency figure, because part of what enters passes straight through to another neighbour.

Where the difference comes from

501,652,071 € for 4,134,946 MWh that stayed in the country works out at 121.32 € per megawatt-hour, in a month that averaged 121.77.

  • Energy that stayed, at the month's average price 503,524,169 100.4%
  • What came in arrived above that average −77,417,261 -15.4%
  • What went out left below it 75,545,164 15.1%

The first line is energy the country needed and got. The other two — 1,872,097 € together — come not from how much moved but from when: cheap hours to sell in, expensive hours to buy in. That is the price of a timing mismatch, not a loss.

Official validation

The measured physical flow, checked against ANRE's published commercial trade.

Month Physical net, MWh Commercial net, MWh Difference, MWh Status
January ——— AWAITING OFFICIAL ANRE DATA
February ——— AWAITING OFFICIAL ANRE DATA
March ——— AWAITING OFFICIAL ANRE DATA
April ——— AWAITING OFFICIAL ANRE DATA
May ——— AWAITING OFFICIAL ANRE DATA
June ——— AWAITING OFFICIAL ANRE DATA
July ——— AWAITING OFFICIAL ANRE DATA
August ——— AWAITING OFFICIAL ANRE DATA
September ——— AWAITING OFFICIAL ANRE DATA

Gross volumes differ by design: the official indicators include transits, and a transit is counted once entering and once leaving, while a physical border sees it only once. Net figures converge, because transits cancel out — which is why the comparison is made on the net.

The percentage relates the difference to the month's commercial net. In a month with a small net, the same difference in MWh yields a larger percentage — which is why the difference is always shown in MWh as well.

ANRE publishes these exchanges as a physical balance in GWh. It publishes no import or export value and no average price per direction, so no money comparison is possible.

Physical cross-border flows and commercial electricity trades measure different phenomena. ANRE data is shown as an independent official benchmark and should not be interpreted as an exact reconciliation.

Border by border

Hungary

Month by month, Croatia's side of this border.

Month Physical exports MWh €/MWh € Physical imports MWh €/MWh € Difference €
January 64,468 175.74 11,329,799 132,810 106.53 14,148,396 −2,818,597
February 155,870 114.19 17,798,294 25,713 71.58 1,840,429 15,957,865
March 46,801 161.03 7,536,233 180,458 75.35 13,597,799 −6,061,567
April 9,243 163.18 1,508,218 446,316 63.71 28,435,871 −26,927,653
May 21,896 171.77 3,761,157 327,591 59.46 19,477,242 −15,716,085
June 6,095 296.34 1,806,044 399,991 77.49 30,996,033 −29,189,989
July 1,490 188.94 281,524 565,064 97.10 54,869,965 −54,588,441
August 17,997 212.47 3,823,732 362,265 123.55 44,758,676 −40,934,945
September 70 294.18 20,593 179,848 151.64 27,271,442 −27,250,849
Total 323,928 147.77 47,865,593 2,620,055 89.84 235,395,854 −187,530,260

Bosnia and Herzegovina

Month by month, Croatia's side of this border.

Month Physical exports MWh €/MWh € Physical imports MWh €/MWh € Difference €
January 51,452 94.98 4,886,899 231,356 146.08 33,797,535 −28,910,636
February 6,112 105.07 642,212 266,173 102.40 27,255,406 −26,613,194
March 25,302 81.76 2,068,588 423,602 108.24 45,850,762 −43,782,174
April 148,466 52.06 7,728,528 141,895 92.83 13,171,760 −5,443,232
May 55,388 -21.03 −1,164,653 360,093 120.39 43,352,983 −44,517,637
June 70,339 32.27 2,269,868 322,437 136.35 43,965,460 −41,695,593
July 101,478 73.20 7,428,485 226,046 134.85 30,481,348 −23,052,864
August 92,220 110.86 10,223,409 245,198 154.52 37,888,905 −27,665,496
September 20,281 166.49 3,376,610 64,999 164.51 10,693,264 −7,316,654
Total 571,038 65.60 37,459,945 2,281,799 125.54 286,457,423 −248,997,479

Slovenia

Month by month, Croatia's side of this border.

Month Physical exports MWh €/MWh € Physical imports MWh €/MWh € Difference €
January 220,663 114.94 25,362,895 114,357 183.93 21,033,484 4,329,411
February 333,886 94.40 31,519,150 19,465 153.35 2,984,874 28,534,276
March 286,672 96.49 27,661,792 42,985 119.82 5,150,378 22,511,414
April 114,260 79.58 9,092,909 201,932 59.69 12,053,208 −2,960,298
May 178,118 94.51 16,834,777 152,808 53.94 8,243,087 8,591,689
June 110,472 94.03 10,387,437 227,108 104.70 23,777,516 −13,390,079
July 129,484 114.67 14,848,571 157,157 117.70 18,496,598 −3,648,028
August 119,989 133.89 16,064,861 277,652 161.33 44,792,757 −28,727,896
September 48,882 137.48 6,720,111 47,290 175.37 8,293,215 −1,573,104
Total 1,542,426 102.76 158,492,503 1,240,753 116.72 144,825,118 13,667,386

Serbia

Month by month, Croatia's side of this border.

Month Physical exports MWh €/MWh € Physical imports MWh €/MWh € Difference €
January 23,382 134.37 3,141,951 89,429 137.18 12,267,708 −9,125,756
February 2,978 59.97 178,604 144,217 106.43 15,348,320 −15,169,716
March 11,111 64.02 711,373 185,329 114.95 21,302,882 −20,591,510
April 86,597 35.99 3,116,403 68,347 105.46 7,208,006 −4,091,603
May 58,259 17.04 992,653 76,413 119.41 9,124,383 −8,131,730
June 61,163 42.37 2,591,467 72,853 136.57 9,949,202 −7,357,736
July 76,896 75.78 5,827,371 46,547 133.60 6,218,855 −391,483
August 44,805 104.35 4,675,256 115,252 155.87 17,964,161 −13,288,905
September 33,901 141.84 4,808,445 30,435 179.13 5,451,725 −643,280
Total 399,092 65.26 26,043,523 828,822 126.49 104,835,241 −78,791,718

Method

Not an invoice. Cross-border electricity is not sold country to country: the markets are coupled and the physical flow is the outcome of a shared auction. These figures value the measured flow at this zone's own day-ahead price, so both directions can be compared on the same scale.

Flows are measured, quarter-hour by quarter-hour; hourly borders are spread across the four quarters they cover, so every megawatt-hour meets the price that was actually in force. Energy entering the country is not the same as energy consumed here — some of it passes through.

A country between two others carries energy that is neither produced nor consumed there. Energy entering is not energy used.