Kosovo — physical cross-border flows, 2026

Every month of the year, every border, in energy and in money. Flows are measured; each megawatt-hour is valued at Kosovo's own day-ahead price for the quarter-hour it actually crossed in.

Month by month

All borders together, with consumption for scale.

Month Consumption, MWh Physical exports Physical imports Zone price, €/MWh Difference € Import ÷ consumption
MWh€/MWh€ MWh€/MWh€
January 813,485 72,896 98.67 7,192,770 124,205 111.15 13,805,349 101.65 −6,612,579 15.3%
February 639,100 73,579 58.25 4,286,146 99,606 64.48 6,422,706 61.17 −2,136,560 15.6%
March 636,309 51,818 86.12 4,462,789 83,901 102.15 8,570,128 96.90 −4,107,339 13.2%
April 505,829 43,428 72.93 3,167,191 76,248 82.10 6,259,604 84.93 −3,092,413 15.1%
May 422,108 46,347 79.69 3,693,247 100,390 87.13 8,746,529 90.35 −5,053,281 23.8%
June 384,277 51,667 85.38 4,411,271 58,227 88.55 5,155,916 91.55 −744,645 15.2%
July 441,360 61,070 99.31 6,064,803 68,731 104.23 7,164,077 112.24 −1,099,274 15.6%
August 488,460 63,792 132.07 8,425,171 86,331 137.02 11,828,736 146.88 −3,403,564 17.7%
September33.2% of hours 138,542 20,541 150.03 3,081,638 24,539 158.78 3,896,397 172.27 −814,759 17.7%
Total 4,469,469 485,137 92.31 44,785,027 722,178 99.49 71,849,442 99.53 −27,064,415 16.2%

Consumption is measured separately, as the hourly average power summed over the month — not by adding up readings, since sources publish at different rates. The last column puts imports next to it for scale; it is not a dependency figure, because part of what enters passes straight through to another neighbour.

Where the difference comes from

27,064,415 € for 237,041 MWh that stayed in the country works out at 114.18 € per megawatt-hour, in a month that averaged 99.53.

  • Energy that stayed, at the month's average price 23,593,450 87.2%
  • What came in arrived above that average −31,343 -0.1%
  • What went out left below it 3,502,307 12.9%

The first line is energy the country needed and got. The other two — 3,470,965 € together — come not from how much moved but from when: cheap hours to sell in, expensive hours to buy in. That is the price of a timing mismatch, not a loss.

Official validation

The measured physical flow, checked against ANRE's published commercial trade.

Month Physical net, MWh Commercial net, MWh Difference, MWh Status
January ——— AWAITING OFFICIAL ANRE DATA
February ——— AWAITING OFFICIAL ANRE DATA
March ——— AWAITING OFFICIAL ANRE DATA
April ——— AWAITING OFFICIAL ANRE DATA
May ——— AWAITING OFFICIAL ANRE DATA
June ——— AWAITING OFFICIAL ANRE DATA
July ——— AWAITING OFFICIAL ANRE DATA
August ——— AWAITING OFFICIAL ANRE DATA
September ——— AWAITING OFFICIAL ANRE DATA

Gross volumes differ by design: the official indicators include transits, and a transit is counted once entering and once leaving, while a physical border sees it only once. Net figures converge, because transits cancel out — which is why the comparison is made on the net.

The percentage relates the difference to the month's commercial net. In a month with a small net, the same difference in MWh yields a larger percentage — which is why the difference is always shown in MWh as well.

ANRE publishes these exchanges as a physical balance in GWh. It publishes no import or export value and no average price per direction, so no money comparison is possible.

Physical cross-border flows and commercial electricity trades measure different phenomena. ANRE data is shown as an independent official benchmark and should not be interpreted as an exact reconciliation.

Border by border

North Macedonia

Month by month, Kosovo's side of this border.

Month Physical exports MWh €/MWh € Physical imports MWh €/MWh € Difference €
January 4,536 95.05 431,134 22,042 93.77 2,066,804 −1,635,670
February 4,093 56.49 231,227 11,505 49.39 568,276 −337,049
March 3,933 107.68 423,509 31,674 76.51 2,423,279 −1,999,770
April 11,024 77.78 857,486 31,391 63.97 2,008,108 −1,150,622
May 1,935 29.94 57,930 43,093 73.86 3,182,972 −3,125,041
June 5,871 61.94 363,640 35,552 81.02 2,880,558 −2,516,918
July 6,937 114.03 791,034 37,260 91.91 3,424,715 −2,633,681
August 4,708 155.38 731,483 54,753 129.44 7,087,094 −6,355,611
September 2,496 172.48 430,476 12,885 147.82 1,904,751 −1,474,275
Total 45,532 94.83 4,317,918 280,156 91.19 25,546,557 −21,228,639

Albania

Month by month, Kosovo's side of this border.

Month Physical exports MWh €/MWh € Physical imports MWh €/MWh € Difference €
January 678 66.69 45,196 75,004 108.38 8,128,961 −8,083,766
February 0 — 0 71,174 62.98 4,482,725 −4,482,725
March 947 7.88 7,458 41,893 114.28 4,787,599 −4,780,141
April 4,841 47.65 230,677 20,300 112.31 2,279,997 −2,049,320
May 64 8.43 542 43,979 99.55 4,378,158 −4,377,616
June 2,732 64.17 175,292 14,456 116.69 1,686,844 −1,511,553
July 13,028 89.67 1,168,258 5,197 164.02 852,367 315,891
August 9,873 131.82 1,301,491 5,268 186.97 985,029 316,462
September 7,713 149.96 1,156,577 262 254.04 66,656 1,089,922
Total 39,875 102.46 4,085,490 277,534 99.62 27,648,336 −23,562,845

Serbia

Month by month, Kosovo's side of this border.

Month Physical exports MWh €/MWh € Physical imports MWh €/MWh € Difference €
January 64,192 101.39 6,508,188 2,156 96.84 208,825 6,299,363
February 66,199 59.82 3,960,221 0 — 0 3,960,221
March 27,772 102.53 2,847,507 4,248 113.47 481,993 2,365,514
April 7,578 129.14 978,622 16,255 72.97 1,186,187 −207,565
May 21,930 104.32 2,287,705 4,564 76.67 349,943 1,937,762
June 11,906 121.03 1,440,927 5,052 76.18 384,805 1,056,122
July 2,321 179.44 416,412 24,484 105.46 2,582,211 −2,165,799
August 3,364 198.21 666,786 25,082 141.59 3,551,332 −2,884,547
September 274 198.95 54,581 9,570 162.11 1,551,484 −1,496,903
Total 205,535 93.22 19,160,949 91,411 112.64 10,296,780 8,864,169

Montenegro

Month by month, Kosovo's side of this border.

Month Physical exports MWh €/MWh € Physical imports MWh €/MWh € Difference €
January 3,490 59.67 208,253 25,002 136.02 3,400,759 −3,192,506
February 3,287 28.81 94,698 16,926 81.04 1,371,704 −1,277,006
March 19,166 61.79 1,184,315 6,086 144.13 877,257 307,057
April 19,985 55.06 1,100,406 8,302 94.60 785,312 315,094
May 22,418 60.09 1,347,070 8,754 95.43 835,457 511,614
June 31,159 78.03 2,431,413 3,168 64.30 203,710 2,227,703
July 38,784 95.12 3,689,100 1,789 170.32 304,785 3,384,315
August 45,848 124.88 5,725,412 1,227 167.28 205,280 5,520,132
September 10,058 143.17 1,440,004 1,821 205.13 373,506 1,066,498
Total 194,195 88.68 17,220,670 73,076 114.37 8,357,769 8,862,900

Method

Not an invoice. Cross-border electricity is not sold country to country: the markets are coupled and the physical flow is the outcome of a shared auction. These figures value the measured flow at this zone's own day-ahead price, so both directions can be compared on the same scale.

Flows are measured, quarter-hour by quarter-hour; hourly borders are spread across the four quarters they cover, so every megawatt-hour meets the price that was actually in force. Energy entering the country is not the same as energy consumed here — some of it passes through.

A country between two others carries energy that is neither produced nor consumed there. Energy entering is not energy used.